Landslides are one of the most vital natural hazards on Earth.
Also, a sensitive study was presented considering the bedding plane orientation and considering extreme conditions like seismic loading. A safety analysis was performed with a probabilistic approach following different methodologies. A comprehensive study of slope failure was performed by developing finite element numerical models both prior and post-implementation of stabilization measures that included rock bolts, shotcrete and other measures. In Oman, the case of a large slope failure that occurred during the Musandam Independent Power construction Plant (MIPP) is used to illustrate learning lessons. The work presents an overview of rock slope stability, including the impact of weathering and erosion. In mining engineering, they are mainly associated with open-pit mines. In civil works, slopes are common in construction of highways and railways, dams for hydropower and water supply, and urban and industrial developments. Man-made slopes are expected in a large number of civil and mining engineering works. These phenomena, which can be natural or man-made, are difficult to predict because their initiation depends on many factors. Slope instabilities present significant geotechnical problems involving a variety of geomaterials in different geological and climatic environments.
Hard layer or crust forming as result of weathering and tests for determining the state of weathering and susceptibility to weathering conclude the chapter. The dependence of weathering on lithology, implications for engineering applications, the methodology for describing and classification of weathering, and options for determining the susceptibility to weathering for forecasting future weathering are introduced. The processes involved in weathering are described briefly as well as the role of erosion in weathering and weathering depth. Weathering is the reason for disasters in many constructions and other engineering applications in which ground is used. Quantities of weathered material do not need to be large to change the geotechnical properties of a groundmass, for example, weathering of discontinuity walls that reduce the shear strength. Erosion is the removal of material on or below the Earth surface due to flowing (ground) water, ice, and wind. Weathering is the chemical and physical change in time of ground under influence of atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and nuclear radiation (temperature, rain, circulating groundwater, vegetation, etc.).
Soft grounds are often the result of weathering.
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